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Ile de France / Paris |

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Hôtel
des Invalides
The Louvre
Saint Denis
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Hôtel des
Invalides |
This was the
first military hospital in France, being founded by
Louis XIV and completed in 1675. A soldiers' church was
already on the site but the King ordered that the Dome
Church be built among the existing buildings for his
exclusive use and the housing of royal tombs. This
latter expectation was never realized.
In 1841 King
Louis-Philippe decided to bring back Napoleon's remains
from St Helena, where he had lived under 'house arrest'
from 1815 to 1821; his body was encased in six coffins
and finally placed in the crypt in 1861. (right-top) The
original grave site and his house on St Helena are
preserved by the French Government. Later, tombs of
Vauban (right-bottom),
Marshal Foch and others have turned the Dome Church into
a French military memorial. Napoleon's older brother,
Joseph Bonaparte, also has a monument in the church.
In his will Napoleon requested that his body might be
returned to France "to repose on the banks of the Seine
in the midst of the French people I have loved so much".
In the event of a refusal he wished to be buried in
Geranium Valley under the willow trees adjacent to the
little spring, whence his drinking water was carried
daily to Longwood. His funeral took place on May 9th
1821, conducted by Father Vignali. He was buried with
full military honours, the garrison, 3000 strong, lining
the route with arms reversed. General Monthlon asked
that the following inscription be engraved on the tomb
in French: 'Napoleon Born at Ajaccio August 15, 1569.
Died at St Helena May 5 1821.' The Governor declined,
insisting that Bonaparte be added so the French decided
to leave the stone bare. It is difficult to understand
the reason prompting Sir Hudson Lowe to reject this
simple inscription.
(information from Lina Knipe of the St Helena Tourist
Office) |
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The Louvre |
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This exceptionally large museum and gallery is
in central Paris on the banks of the Seine and
holds a relatively small but particularly
interesting collection of funerary monuments
rescued from various Paris churches, during the
destruction of the Revoltion. Shown is the
magnificent monument to Phillipe Pot,
constructed in 1480 during his
life time (Room 10) and the monument which
covered the entrails of King Charles lV
and Jeanne d'Evreux, dated
1371. (Room 9)
This latter may require some explanation: bodies
of the great were sometimes dismembered at this
time and the body, heart and entrails buried in
different places with separate monuments. Heart
monuments are found occasionally, such as that
to Richard the Lionheart at Rouen, but entrails
monuments are rare. Charles and Jeanne are
represented holding a leather bag containing
their entrails; despite this gruesome detail
they are depicted with their eyes open.
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Saint
Denis |
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| An easy journey on the
Metro from Central Paris; the church is a short
walk from the station. Entrance to the church is
free but there is a small charge to visit the
tombs.
Website |
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This
church - the burial place of the Kings and
Queens of France - would be worth a visit if
only for its architecture but it houses one of
the finest and most extensive collections of
monuments in existence, both of the French
royalty and others. It is situated in a northern
suburb of Paris.
Because of the arrangement
of these monuments and the fact that some are
difficult to photograph closely, I have arranged
them as they would be seen on walking around the
church. I have not yet been able to take
satisfactory photographs of the massive and very
impressive Renaissance monuments but will
attempt to do so when I next visit St Denis,
when hopefully I can spend the whole day there
and retake many other improved photographs too.
The table below gives a list of the French
kings, queens and some of their family where
relevant. This I hope will bring the large
amount of monuments into a cohesive whole. If
you click on the underlined name you will be
taken to photographs of, and some information
about, the relevant monument.
In early times the Basilica at Saint
Vincent-Saint-Croix (today
Saint-Germain-des-Paris) in Paris was the
traditional burial place of the kings of France
but Dagobert choose the Basilica of St Denis and
was the first king to have been buried there;
his son, Clovis II, followed. However in 1959
the grave of Queen Arégonde, who died in 580 and
was the great grand mother of Dagobert, was
discovered; she was thus the first royal person
to have been buried there. A series of the
Carolingiens were also buried there. With the
Capétians - the great majority of whom were also
buried there - St Denis became known as the
'cemetery of the kings'.
Originally the tombs were placed in no specific
order but in 1263/64 King Louis IX - or St
Louis - commissioned a series of sixteen
effigies of earlier kings, queens and princes,
which were arranged in strict order.Their bones
were exhumed from their original burial sites,
which had been marked by simple plaques, and
laid in boxes on which the effigies were
placed. . Of these effigies, fourteen now
remain; two - those of Eudes and Hugh Capet -
were destroyed during the French Revolution.
These effigies are listed in red in the table
below. The
Mérovingiens and the
Carolingiens were then placed to the south and
the Capétians to the north of the crossing; the
tombs of Louis VIII and Philippe-Augustus were
placed in the centre in the place of honour.
They are all identically dressed in the fashion
of the 13th century, hold a sceptre in one hand
and generally hold their cloaks in their free
hand. Their eyes are open and they present calm,
idealized features of the perfect king or queen.
However despite this each shows much
individuality. It is said that the work was
carried out by three different artists. The King
also stipulated that St Denis be used only for
the burial of reigning kings and queens: royal
children were to be butied in the Abbey of
Royaumont. His own monument was eventually
placed in the centre of this arrangement. This
ruling of Saint Louis was overturned by his
grandson, Philippe IV.
The French Revolution disrupted the monuments in
St Denis. In 1791 monuments from Royaumont Abbey
were moved there, following a decision by the
Commission of Monuments the previous year that
St Denis would be an suitable depository of
monuments from destroyed churches. However a
decree of 1792 demanded that metal monuments be
melted down for war requirements; six tombs were
lost at St Denis, including those of Charles le
Chauve and Charles VIII. In 1793 following the
execution of the King the official attitude
changed and the destruction of the tombs was
proposed. Fifty tombs were demolished although
not all completely destroyed. However all the
slabs were destroyed except that of Isabelle of
Aragon, because the Commission regarded the
rhyming French inscription on it to be of
interest; this can be seen today. It also
wished for conservation of the effigies of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries because of
their historical worth. The remains of these
monuments were ejected from the church into the
garden that flanks the north transept, some
being destroyed. Later it was decreed that the
remains of the interred were to be removed from
their grave and buried in a pit; this was
carried out on 15th October 1793. It was noted
that the corpses were in states of putrefaction
except that of Henri IV, which was well
preserved, and an engraving was made of this by
Alexandre Lenoir (1762-1839). He later salvaged
the tombs to install them in the Museum of
Historical Monuments. When Louis XVIII returned
to the throne he restored the tombs to St Denis
in 1816 and added some from buildings that had
been destroyed during the Revolution. Those
monuments moved at various times from other
sites are are indicated in purple in the
following. He reburied the ejected remains
(marked *) in an ossuary in the crypt (together
with many unlisted family members) and those of
the Bourbons who could be indentified in the
Bourbon Vault. The monuments were at this time
installed in the crypt. Several members of the
royal family were buried in St Denis after the
Revolution in coffins of lead and wood in the
'Chapel of the Princes' in the
crypt. Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879) restored the
church and the tombs. Those kings who were
buried elsewhere are indicated in green.
The table below shows members of
the various dynasties: click on the link to see their
monmuments. The are also photographs of monuments beow
the list which are not included as their were not of
direct members of the dynasties. |
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The
Mérovingiens |
The Capétians |
Blanche of France & Jean
(children of St Louis) |
The
Valois |
François II
* |
|
Clovis I |
Eudes
(destroyed in the
Revolution) |
Philippe III le Hardi |
Philippe VI * |
Charles IX *(no
monument) |
|
Childebert I |
Hugh
Capet
(destroyed in the
Revolution) |
&
Isabelle d'Aragon |
& Jeanne de
Bourgogne *
(no monument) |
& Élisabeth
d'Autriche
(no monument) |
|
Frédégonde |
& Adélaine of
Aquitaine (no monument) |
Charles, Count of Valois
(son of Philippe
III) |
&
Blanche d'Evreux-Navarre
* |
Henri
III
*(heart burial
monument) |
|
Dagobert I
* |
Robert
II le Pieux |
Charles
of Valois, Count of
Alençon
(son of above) |
Jeanne de France,
*
(daughter of the above) |
&
Louise
de Lorraine
(reinterred in crypt by Louis XVIII) |
|
& Nanthilde * (no
monument) |
&
Constance d'Arles |
Marie of Spain
(wife of above) |
Jean
II le Bon
* |
The Bourbons |
|
Clovis II |
Henri I |
Louis of France(son
of Phillipe III & Marguerite
of France) |
& Jeanne
d'Auvergne
(no monument) |
Henri
IV
*
also here |
|
& Bathilde (no
monument) |
&
Anne de Kiev (no monument) |
Marguerite
d'Artois
(wife of above) |
Charles
V le Sage
|
&
Marguerite de Valois
* |
|
Thierry IV (burial
uncertain) |
Philippe I
(buried at
Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire) |
Charles, Count of Etampes
|
&
Jeanne de Bourbon
(original monument destroyed at Revolution) |
&
Marie
de Médici
* |
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The
Carolingiens |
Louis
VI le Gros |
Philippe
IV le Bel * |
Dukes of Orleans |
Henriette d'Angleterre,*
(daughter of Henri IV) |
|
Louis
le Huntin
* |
Charles
VI le Fou |
Louis XIII
* |
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Charles Martel |
Philippe de France |
&
Isabeau de Bavière |
|
Pépin
le Bref |
Louis VII (buried in Abbey of Barbeau, but reinterred in
crypt by Louis XVIII) |
&
Clemence of Hungary |
Charles VII |
&
Anne
d'Autriche
* |
|
&
Berthe au Grand Pied |
&
Constance of Castille |
& his daughter
Jeanne
II, Queen of Navarre
* |
&
Marie
d'Anjou |
Louis XIV *
also here |
|
Carloman, son of Pepin |
Philippe II
Augustus
(destroyed in 100 Years War) * |
&
his son,
Jean I
* |
Louis XI
(buried at
Cléry-Saint-André) |
&
Marie-Térèse d'Autriche * |
Charles le Chauve
*
(a memorial brass
melted down at Revolution) |
Louis VIII
(destroyed in 100 Years War) * |
Philippe V le Long
* |
Charles VIII *
(effigy of silver (?) by Guido Mazzoni, melted
down at Revolution.) |
Louis
XV
* |
|
&
Hermentrude |
Philippe of France,
son of
LouisVIII and Blanche of Castille |
Marguerite of Flanders *
(daughter of Philippe V) |
Louis XII * &
Anne de
Bretagne* |
&
Marie
Leczinska
* |
|
Louis III |
LouisIX or Saint
Louis
(destroyed in 100 Years War) |
Charles IV le Bel
* |
François I *
&
Claude
de France
* |
Louis XVI
(reinterred in crypt by Louis XVIII) Also
here |
|
Carloman |
& Marguerite de
Provence *
(no monument) |
&
Jeanne d'Évreux
* |
Henry II * &
Catherine
de Mèdicis * |
&
Marie-Antonette d'Autriche
(reinterred in crypt by Louis XVIII) Also
here |
|
For
simplicity other members of these dynasties who
have no connection with St Denis have not been
listed |
Louis
of France
(son of the above) |
Blanche
of France
(daughter of Charles IV) |
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Louis
XVIII |
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Blanche
* & Jean of France
(brother and
sister of the above) |
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Charles
X |
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Above and to the right, in
the foreground
Clovis II (635-657)
and in the
background
Charles Martel
(688-741);
both of these effigies
were commissioned
by Saint Louis.
Clovis II was of the
Mérovingien dynasty and Charles Martel of the
Carolingien Dynasty.
On the left is
Isabelle D'Aragon (1243-1271),
[1st wife of Philippe III le Hardi]; part of the
canopy of her monument can be seen in the
foreground of the right hand photograph. The
base of the monument carries the inscription
mentioned in the introduction above. |
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Above , in the foreground
is
Philippe III le Hardi (1244-1285)
and in the background
Philippe IV le Bel
(1268-1314).
Philippe le Hardi was the
eleventh king of the Capétian Dynasty and
Philippe le Bel, the twelfth. Both sculptured on
white marble on black marble slabs, a style that
was to become widespread over the next century.
That of Philippe III was executed by
Jean d'Arras;
he face is idealized
rather than a portrait. |
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Above in the foreground is
Berthe au Grand Pied
(726-783)
wife of
Pépin
le Bref (714-768),
whose effigy is in the
background. Berthe is also shown on the right
above. Pépin was of the Carolingien Dynasty.
Both of the effigies were commisioned by St
Louis. The next king after Pépin
was Charles II le
Chauve (ob 877) but his effigy was destroyed;
however an illustration of this will be posted
shortly.
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Above to the left, in the
foreground is
Carloman
(866 - 884)
who is also
shown on the right and
in
the background
Louis III
(863-882).
Both were of the
Carolingien Dynasty. Both of these effigies were
commissioned by St Louis. |
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Centre picture: In
foreground:
Charles V le Sage
(1338-1380) &
Jeanne de Bourbon
(1338-1377)
[Wife of
Charles le Sage] (also shown to the right,
bottom picture). Charles was the third
Valois
Dynasty king. His monument was carved in his
lifetime by André Beauneveu; he would have held
the Hand of Justice (now fractured) in his left
hand and holds the scepter in his right.
The
Queen's effigy was originally in Church of the
Celestines, Paris and covered her entrails which
were buried there: note the sack she is holding
in her left hand. The effigy which covered her
body and had been in St Denis was destroyed
during the Revolution.
In the middle ground:
Bernard de Guesclin
(1320-1380)
- also shown on left. He was
constable of France, a major figure in the
Hundred Years War. Charles V ordered that he be
buried in St
Denis. The monument was executed by
Thomas Privé & Robert Loisel.
Louis de
Sancerre
(1342-1402)
( also shown to the
right, middle
picture). He was a companion in arms to de
Guesclin and later constable of France. Charles
VI ordered that he be buried at St Denis.
The two busts behind these effigies are:
Charles VII
(1403-1463)
&
Marie d'Anjou
(1404-1463). These are all that
remain of the
original effigies.
In the background:
Charles VI Le Fou
(1368-1422) &
Isabeau de Bavière
(1372-1435)
[wife of Charles VI] (also show to
the right, top picture) Charles was the fourth
of the Valois kings. The
Queen commissioned this
double monument during her lifetime; it was
executed by Pierre de Thoiry. The King holds in
his right hand the scepter and in his left, the
hand of justice; the Queen is dressed as a
widow. |
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Image to Follow |
Image to Follow |
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The Dukes of
Orleans: Louis Duke of Orleans
(1407)
[son of Charles V],
Valentine
Visconti
(1408) [his
wife] and their sons:
Charles the
Poet
(1465)[father
of Louis XII]
& Philippe
(1420).
Originally in the Church
of the Celestins, Paris. These were commissioned
by Louis XII around 1502 and executed by two
Milanese artists, Michel d'Aria and
Girolamo Rovezzano
and two Florentine
artists, Doni de Battista Benti
and Benedetto da Rovezzano. The
commission was to blend the feature of medieval
effigies with the then new ideas of the Italian
Renaissance. Charles was a prisoner of the
English for twenty-five years following the
battle of Agincourt. This monument was placed in
St Denis after 1817. |
François I (1547) and
Claude
of France (1524)
The construction of this
splendid monument was overseen by Philibert de
l'Orme. François Camoy was the first sculptor,
then François Merchand and finally Pierre
Bontemps who completed the major part of the
work. The architecture is that of a triumphal
arch with military scenes of the King's life
carved in low relief around the lower part of
the monument. Under the central arch the King
and Queen are shown as partly shrouded corpses
in eternal sleep, lying on two separate biers;
there are two separate arches acting as aisles.
The King and Queen are shown at their actual
heights, the figure of the king being nearly two
metres tall. Above, the King and Queen are shown
at prayer with three of their children who died
young. The monument remains in its original
position. |
Heart
of François I.
This funerary urn was constructed by Pierre
Bontemps (responsible for the major tomb) and
was originally in the Hautes Bruyères Abbey,
Yvelines. The urn and its base is decorated with
images of the arts and learning, of which the
King was a patron. |
François II
(1556)
This is a column designed
by Primaticcio at the base of which are three
putti with inverted torches. The column
originally supported an urn containing the heart
of the king and was originally in the Church of
the Célestines, Paris. |
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The Ambulatory |
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in the foreground is
Charles de Valois, Comte d'Alençon
(1297-1346) [brother
of Phillippe VI] and in the background
his wife
Marie d Esagne
(1379). |
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Above is
Léon VI de
Lusignan
(1393),
King of Armenia
till 1375 when he was forced into exile.
Originally Church of the Celestines, Paris. Note
that he holds his gloves, a sign of rank in the
eastern tradition |
They are also shown on the
right. These effigies were originally in the
Church of the Jacobins Paris. Note the realism
of his male pattern baldness. Her crown was of
metal and the fixing holes can be seen; note the
delightful hair style. |
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Above
& immediately right:
An unknown princess
Left:
Another unknown child
princess from the fourteenth century. |
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right:
Blanche de France
(1243)
&
Jean (1268)
children of St Louis and
Marguerite of Provence. The effigies are in
copper on enamel plaques from Royaumont Abbey
Church. |
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Robert l'Enfant or
d'Artois
(1300-1317).
Commissioned by his
mother Mahaut d'Artois and executed by
Jean Pepin de Huy
in 1320. This monument was
originally in Church of the Cordeliers, Paris.
Note arms carved in high relief on his shield. |
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Above: In lower photograph, in the
foreground
Childebert I (558)
- who is also shown above right. He was of the
Mérovingien Dynasty and the monument was originally in
his foundation of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris. His
monument dates from before 1163 and shows him holding a
model of his foundation in his right hand and his
sceptre in his left. In the background of the lower
photograph and in the upper photograph is
Clovis I (511)
who was also of the Mérovingien Dynasty; his monument,
which is in higher relief, was executed around
1220-1230, and was also originally in Saint-Genevieve,
Paris. |
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Frédégonde
(597)[wife of Chilpric I] This
is an incised slab but with the head, belt and
folds in low relief. In the hollowed out area
are placed stones of various types and copper
filaments. This monument was originally in
Saint-Germaine-ds-Prés, Paris and was made in
the mid 12th century. |
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Dagobert I (
639) This
monument is in the form of an elaborately carved
funerary niche. The carvings depict the legend
of john the Hermit. The monument dates from 1258
but the reclining figure of Dogobert and the
flanking figure of his wife and son are
nineteenth century reproductions. |
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Louis XVI &
Marie-Antoinette
(both executed 1793).
These kneeling images were ordered by Louis
XVIII when the remains of the King and Queen
were found in the Cimetière des Innocents,
Paris. This sculpture was completed in 1830. |
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Henry II
(1559) &
Catherine of Médici (1558).
This second monument, by
Germain Pilon, shows the King and Queen
in their coronation vestments. Their figures are
of marble and rest on a base of bronze. This
latter was melted down at the Revolution and
later reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc.
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Marie de
Bourbon (1538) daughter of Charles de Bourbon, Duke
de Vendôme from Church of Notre-Dame de Soissons. She
was the aunt of Henry IV and her body was placed in the
tomb of her sister, the Abbess of Notre-Dame de Soissons. |
Image to Follow |
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The North Transept
This was conceived at the
Restoration as a museum of funerary scupture |
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In the foreground,
Ermentrude
(825-869)
[wife of
Charles II le Chauve] who is also shown
on the right; and in the
background
Carloman [son of Pepin] (751-771).
He was buried in
Reims but he was reburied in St Denis in the 13th
century. Both these effigies
were commissioned by St
Louis |
In the foreground
Constance of Castille
(1136-1160)
second wife of
Louis VII le Jeune,
in the background
Philippe
(ob 1131)
[son of Louis le
Gros]. He was crowned in his father's lifetime.
Note the book the Queen holds in her right hand.
Both effigies
commisioned by St Louis. |
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Lower photograph, in the
foreground
Jeanne de
France
(1311-1349),
Queen of Navarre and only
daughter of Louis X; she is also shown on the
right, and in the background
Jean I le Posthume
(1316)
[son of Louis
X and Clémance de Hongrie]who died age four
days, five months after the death of his father.
He was succeeded by his uncle - Philippe V - was
had acted as regent and who was accused of
causing the young child's death. Upper
photograph, in the foreground Robert
le Pieux
(970-1031)
and in the background
Henri I
(1008-1060);
both of these two effigies
were commissioned by St Louis |
Above on the left
Louis X le Huntin
(1289-1316)
also on the right and above. The canopy - or
gablette - above the head is preserved. He first
married Margaret of Burgundy, who was later
accusd of adultary and strangled in prison; he
then married
Clémance de
Hongrie,
whose effigy can be seen below.
On the right below
Constance d Arles
(984-1032),
third wife of
Robert le Pieux, whose effigy was commissioned
by St Louis. Note she also holds a book but this
time in her left hand. In the background
Louis VI le Gross
(1081-1137),
whose effigy was also
commissioned by St Louis |
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Above and to the left
Marguerite de Flanders
(1310-1382),[ daughter of Philippe V and wife of
Louis II of Flanders]. Her husband was killed at
the Battle of Crécy in 1364; note the widow's
costume. She was a generous benefactress to St
Denis.
Below Charles,
Comte d'Étampes (1336), son of
Louis d'Evreux and Marguerite d'Artois; this
monuments was originally in the Church of the
Cordeliers, Paris. A remarkably fine and
detailed monument.
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Above is
Béatrice de Bourbon
(1381). [wife of Jean, King of Bohemia]
Originally in the Church of the Jacobins, Paris
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Above
Louis de France
(1244-1260) [son of Louis IX and Marguerite of
Provence] and below
Philippe de France
(1222-1245) [son of Louis VIII and Blanche of
Castile.] These two effigies, which rest on tomb
chests, were originally in Royaumont Abbey
Church. Louis's chest (this is a copy: the
original is in the Carnavalat Museum) shows, in
high relief, his funeral procession, his soul
being taken to heaven by an angel and other
motifs. Traces of polychrome remain on
Philippe's effigy and weepers around the tomb
chest; these are reproductions based on original
fragments
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Above left and centre
top Charles I d'Anjou (1226-1285) Above centre
bottom and to the left. He was Count of Anjou
and King of Sicily and the son of Louis VIII. He
was expelled from Sicily following the revolt
known as the 'Sicillian Vespers' His body was
buried in Naples and his heart in the Church of
the Jacobins, Paris, where this effigy covered
the heart burial. Note he holds his heart in his
left hand.
Below centre and to the
right Blanche de France (1253-1320) [daughter of
St Louis]. She was born in Jaffa during the
Seventh Crusade and took the veil in 1275.
Effigy originally in Church of the Cordeliers,
Paris.
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Above Louis et Philippe (1273), [young sons of the Count of Alençon] This
is a copy of the original which is in the
National Museum of the Middle Ages, Paris.
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Above
Charles, Comte de
Valois (1270-1325) [son of PhilippeIII]. This
effigy was originally in the Church of the
Jacobins, Paris.
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Above,on the left and in the
central lower picture is
Jeanne of France
(1350-1371), daughter of the following; in the
upper picture
Blanche d'Evreux-Nevarre, wife of
Philippe VI. A double monument assumed to be by
Jean de Liège. Jeanne died on the journay to
Spain to marry John of Aragon. In a similar
manner to the effigy of Marie d'Espagne she
originally wore a metal crown; the delightful
hairstyle is also identical.
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Above is the effigy of
Marie de Brienne (1225-1280) which was
originally in L'Abbaye de Maubuisson. There have
been however several hypotheses about whom this
effigy represents. Maries de Brienne was the
last Latin Empress of Constantinople; note the
crown.
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Above and to the left is
Marguerite d'Artois (1311)
; to the right is
her husband,
Louis de France (1275-1319) [son of
Philippe III]. Both were originally in the
Church of the Jacobins, Paris.
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Above Clémance de Hongrie
(1293-1328) [second wife of Louis X le Huntin]
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Above Guillaume du
Chastel (1410), pantler to Charles VII who
ordered he servant be buried in St Denis. The
body is of stone but the face of marble.
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| Image to Follow |

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Image to Follow |
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Louis Cardinal of Bourbon son of François,
Count of Vendôme (ob 1557) Jacques de Valleroy
was commissioned for this work in 1530. The
column originally supported a praying bronze
figure
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Louis XII (1515)
&
Anne of
Brittany (1514). This
magnificent marble monument was installed in
1531. It was commissioned by François I,
designed by either Guido Mazzoni or
Perreal and executed by Jean Juste
and his family. On the upper stage beautiful
images of the King and Queen appear kneeling at
prayer while at the lower stage they are shown
as gruesome, partly shrouded corpses, the Queen
throwing back her head in a final spasm, with
the post mortem sutures visible. Figures of the
Apostles sit under the twelve arches and at each
corner, on a lower stage and in front, are
seated the four Virtues - Prudence, Temperance
and Strength. This stage is decorated by
narrative scenes in low relief of the King's
Italian wars.
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Henri II (1559)
&
Catherine
of Médici (1589). The Queen
commissioned Franceso Primaticcio - who
appointed Germain Pilon as
sculptor - to construct a monument to herself
and her husband on the day after his death. It
was completed in 1570. At each corner of the
monument are the Four Virtues and allegorical
figures representing Faith, Hope, Charity and
Good Deeds - are carved in low relief around
the base. Inside are the partly shrouded figures
of the King and Queen. On the platform above
they are shown kneeling at prayer in bronze;
because of the extreme contrast this is
difficult to see in the image above. This
monument was originally in the 'Mausoleum of the
Valois Kings', constructed at the request of the
Queen, but which, having become in poor
condition was demolished in the early eighteenth
century.
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Heart of Henry III (ob 1580) This monument is
a square bas relief formerly in a niche. A
Column was also erected of which only the shaft
remains
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The Crypt |
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From the time of Henry
IV, the Bourbons were places in the ceremonial
burial vault, which became overcrowded by the
end of the seventeenth century. In 1683 it was
decided that the central part of the crypt under
the sanctuary be used as a burial vault - this
became known as the 'Bourbon Vault'. The coffins
were simply placed on iron stands with
inscriptions for identification. Other churches
continued the practice of receiving the entrails
and hearts of the deceased. None of the future
projects to build a more suitable burying place
- such as a dome - were carried out.
Under Napoleon, architects
transformed the Bourbon vault to create a burial
place for the Bonaparte family. Louis XVIII
restored it to its original condition in order
to inter the bodies of his ancestors who could
be recognised and who had been ejected during
the Revolution as well as those of the executed
King and Queen. He also constructed an ossuary
to house the remains of earlier kings and others
which had been ejected from their tombs at the
Revolution.
In the crypt are buried
those whom Louis maintained that he had found:
Louis VII (1180),
Louise de Lorraine
[wife of
Henri III],
Louis XVI (ex 1793)
and
Marie
Antoinette (ex 1793); the last two had
been guillotined and originally buried in a
Paris cemetery.
Louis XVIII (1824) himself
was the last king to have been buried here and
there is also a tomb awaiting Charles X, who
died in exile and is buried in Slovenia. Their
six black marble stones, which date from 1975,
are shown in the centre photograph above.
Nineteenth century
cenotaphs in a side chapel commemorate the
Bourbon kings and their family including
Henry
IV (above left) and Louis XIV(above right). The
remains of the following Bourbon kings and
queens lie in the ossuary:
Henry IV &
Marguerite
de Valois &
Marie de Médici &
Henriette
d'Angleterre ,
Louis XIII
&
Anne d'Autriche,
Louis XIV &
Marie-Térèse d'Autriche,
Louis XV &
Marie Leczinska
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Lost Monuments at St Denis |
| It is quite remarkable
that so many monuments of the French Monarchy survived the
anti-royalist and anti-clerical violence of the French
Revolution, especially as the survival rate in England - a
monarchy - is much poorer. In Scotland, where the Republican
government was rejected and Charles II initially crowned, the
situation is even worse: there are none. There appear to have
been two waves of destruction, the 100 Years War and the
Revolution. Some were obviously melted down for their metal, as
was that of Louis XI at Cléry. |
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100 Years War |
The Revolution |
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Philippe II Augustus |
Charles le Chauve (brass) |
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Louis VIII |
Eudes (St Louis Series) |
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Louis IX - St Louis |
Hugh Capet (St Louis Series) |
Jeanne de Bourbon
(Queen of Charles le Sage) |
Charles VIII (Silver) |
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There's some irony here! Richard the Lion Heart has
two effigies surviving: his enemy Philippe Augustus
none. St Louis - the constructor of monuments - lost
his! |
The first and last were obviously melted down for
ithe metal. It it curious why the other two of series
were destroyed; they presumably resembled those extant. |
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| I have
discovered one drawing of these lost monuments. If
anyone can find more, please let me know. |
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| Monument of
Charles le Chauve. This appears to be a
brass cast in low relief. |
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